Percepción del impacto económico en pacientes con cáncer en un hospital de tercer nivel, La Paz - Bolivia: un estudio exploratorio cualitativo / Perception of the economic impact in patients diagnosed with cancer in a third level hospital, La Paz - Bolivia: a qualitative exploratory study

Los pacientes con cáncer experimentan además del impacto de la enfermedad, el impacto económico, y este es más evidente en los pacientes con escasos recursos económicos, los motivos son multifactoriales. OBJETIVO: describir la percepción sobre el impacto económico en los pacientes bolivianos con cáncer en el Hospital de Clínicas Universitario- La Paz. MÉTODOS: el diseño es cualitativo exploratorio, muestreo por bola de nieve, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad dirigidas a pacientes con cáncer del hospital de Clínicas Universitario de La Paz- Bolivia entre diciembre de 2018 a febrero de 2019. RESULTADOS: se entrevistaron a 11 pacientes y 9 familiares. Se han identificado el impacto de los gastos en los pacientes con cáncer en las siguientes categorías: Ahorros y deudas, vivienda, trabajo, familia, tratamiento, esfera psicológica, gastos a futuro, y en el cuidado de otros enfermos en la casa. Las percepciones son variables, algunos pacientes muestran mayor preocupación por su economía que por su enfermedad, relatan además el cambio que significó en su económica recibir el diagnóstico de cáncer en distintas áreas. CONCLUSIÓN: se ha encontrado, en el presente trabajo, que la percepción del impacto económico para los pacientes con cáncer es multidimensional. Se ha evidenciado además, que el impacto depende del estadio de la enfermedad y del contexto social que vive el paciente, siendo este variable y dando como resultado necesidades de acompañamiento variable por parte de los equipos oncológicos

Cancer patients experience, is about disease´s and economic impact, and this impact is more evident in patients with limited economic resources in low-income countries, the reasons are multifactorial. OBJECTIVE: describe the perception of the economic impact on Bolivian patients with cancer at the Hospital de Clínicas Universitario-La Paz. METHODS: the design is qualitative and exploratory, sampling was by snowball, in-depth interviews were conducted at cancer patients at the Clínicas Universitario de La Paz hospital - Bolivia between December 2018 and February 2019. RESULTS: 11 patients and 9 family members were interviewed. The impact of expenses on cancer patients has been identified in the following categories: Savings and debts, housing, work, family, treatment, psychological sphere, future expenses, and caring for other patients at home. Perceptions are variable, some patients show more significant concern about their finances than about their illness, and they also report the change that receiving the diagnosis of cancer meant in their finances in different areas. CONCLUSION: in this investigation, the perception of economic impact on cancer patients is multidimensional. It has also been shown that the impact depends on the stage of the disease, and the social context in which the patient lives, this being variable and resulting in variable support needs from the oncology teams

Gasto de bolsillo en salud en la familia con diabetes-hipertensión durante la pandemia del covid-19 / Out-of-pocket health spending in the family with diabetes-hypertension during the covid-19 pandemic

Determinar el gasto de bolsillo en salud en las familias con diabetes mellitus y/o hipertensión arterial y el porcentaje del ingreso familiar durante la pandemia del Covid-19. Estudio de gasto de bolsillo en salud que incluyó muestreo consecutivo de 268 familias de México. El ingreso trimestral familiar se definió como la suma de ingresos de cada uno de los integrantes de la familia, el gasto en salud se definió como el total de erogaciones que tuvo la familia para cubrir los diferentes servicios de salud, y porcentaje de gasto en salud se definió como la relación del gasto total trimestral y el gasto corriente del hogar, valores expresados en pesos mexicanos. El promedio trimestral del gasto de bolsillo en salud en la familia con diabetes mellitus y/o hipertensión arterial en la dimensión consulta fue $975,82 y en la dimensión medicamentos $1,371.22; el gasto promedio total trimestral fue $3,133.08. El ingreso trimestral de la familia después de la pandemia del covid-19 fue $85,348.86 lo que representa 5,93% menos del ingreso trimestral antes de la pandemia. El gasto trimestral en salud fue $3,133.08, lo cual corresponde a 3,45% y 3,67% del ingreso trimestral familiar antes y después de la pandemia del Covid-19 respectivamente (AU)

Determine out-of-pocket health spending in families with diabetes mellitus and/or high blood pressure and the percentage of family income during the Covid-19 pandemic. Study of out-of-pocket health spending that included consecutive sampling of 268 families in Mexico. The quarterly family income was defined as the sum of income of each of the family members, health spending was defined as the total expenses that the family had to cover the different health services, and percentage of health spending. It was defined as the relationship between total quarterly expenditure and current household expenditure, values expressed in Mexican pesos. The quarterly average of out-of-pocket health expenditure in the family with diabetes mellitus and/or arterial hypertension in the consultation dimension was $975.82 and in the medication dimension $1,371.22; The average total quarterly expense was $3,133.08. The family's quarterly income after the covid-19 pandemic was $85,348.86, which represents 5.93% less than the quarterly income before the pandemic. The quarterly health expenditure was $3,133.08, which corresponds to 3.45% and 3.67% of the family's quarterly income before and after the Covid-19 pandemic respectively (AU)

Estimación del gasto en salud mental en Chile 2014 - 2021 / Estimated spending on mental health in Chile 2014 - 2021

Los desafíos en salud mental en Chile son múltiples y complejos. Por ello, la valorización de los recursos existentes permite establecer una línea base para mejorar el acceso, la cobertura y la efectividad de las medidas. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo estimar y analizar el gasto en salud mental realizado en Chile entre 2014 y 2021, abordando tanto la atención no ambulatoria como la ambulatoria. Así, el cálculo de los gastos en atención no ambulatoria para salud mental se obtuvo de la metodología de gasto por enfermedad (11,7% del total). Por otro lado, la estimación en atención ambulatoria para salud mental consideró múltiples fuentes de información por niveles de atención público y privado (56,9%). Adicionalmente, se estimaron los gastos en medicamentos realizados por las personas en el retail (31,4%). El gasto estimado en salud mental público alcanzó los $208 miles de millones, lo que representa un 1,7% del gasto público en salud de Chile el 2021. Asimismo, a nivel privado el gasto en salud mental fue de $332 miles de millones, esto es un 3,4% del gasto privado en salud. Además, se resalta la relevancia de considerar los costos asociados al reposo médico por salud mental que son 2 veces más que el gasto estimado. Se concluye comparando las estimaciones con otros países, mencionando limitaciones por falta de acceso a la información y algunos desafíos. Además, se destaca el problema de acceso a las prestaciones debido al alto porcentaje de copago (66%), y la necesidad de aumentar el presupuesto público destinado a la salud mental.

Proposta de modelo de acompanhamento dos gastos em saúde: uma análise para o câncer no período 2012 - 2021 / Proposal for health spending monitoring model: an analysis for cancer in the 2012 period ­ 2021

O câncer, como uma das principais causas de mortes no mundo, causa problemas econômicos para as nações. Seus gastos, além de críticos, pressionam o orçamento público, provocando, também, perda de produtividade devido aos afastamentos do trabalho, às mortes e aposentadorias prematuras. Apesar de todo o peso econômico e social do câncer, ainda são poucos os estudos sobre os gastos com essa doença. A ausência de informações mais dinâmicas impede um planejamento mais detalhado e eficiente do processo de gestão, de modo que uma visão mais aprofundada dessas correlações permitirá um planejamento e gestão mais eficientes numa área extremamente sensível da política de saúde no Brasil. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a realização de uma análise econômica dos gastos com as internações no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de 2012 a 2021. Para tal, utiliza uma metodologia que se inicia na extração de todos os dados públicos no período, considerando um subconjunto dos campos do Sistema de Internações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS) previamente escolhidos e todos os códigos de procedimentos relacionados ao câncer utilizados no Sistema de Gerenciamento da Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos e Órteses, Próteses e Materiais Especiais do SUS (SIGTAP). Após a extração utilizando um programa desenvolvido em outro projeto no LEMAS/IMS/UERJ, os dados foram carregados numa aplicação de Business Intelligence (BI) denominada TABLEAU para análises e apresentação dos resultados, seguida de uma discussão que abrangeu comparações com outros dados nacionais e internacionais. Na sequência, esses dados extraídos foram carregados num sistema de banco de dados MySQL para futuras análises. (AU)

Cancer, as one of the main causes of deaths in the world, causes economic problems for nations. In addition to being critical, its expenses put pressure on the public budget, also causing loss of productivity due to absences from work, deaths and premature retirements. Despite all the economic and social weight of cancer, there are still few studies on the costs associated with this disease. The absence of more dynamic information prevents more detailed and efficient planning of the management process, so a more in-depth view of these correlations will allow for more efficient planning and management in an extremely sensitive area of health policy in Brazil. The objective of this work is to carry out an economic analysis of expenses with hospitalizations in the Unified Health System (SUS) from 2012 to 2021. To this end, it uses a methodology that begins with the extraction of all public data in the period, considering a subset of previously chosen Hospital Admissions System (SIH/SUS) fields and all cancer-related procedure codes used in the SUS Procedures, Medications and Orthoses, Prostheses and Special Materials Table Management System (SIGTAP). After extraction using a program developed in another project at LEMAS/IMS/UERJ, the data was loaded into a Business Intelligence (BI) application called TABLEAU for analysis and presentation of results, followed by a discussion that included comparisons with other national data and international. In sequence. these extracted data were loaded into a MySQL database system for future analysis. (AU)

Previsões do número de cirurgias suspensas utilizando o software Power BI® em um hospital universitário / Predictions of the number of suspended surgeries using software Power BI® in a university hospital / Predicciones del número de cirugías suspendidas utilizando software Power BI® en un hospital universitario

Objetivo: analisar as cirurgias suspensas, realizando previsões futuras de três meses, a partir de outubro de 2022, através de um gráfico de linhas utilizando o software Power BI®. Método: se utilizou a técnica de médias moveis ponderada, alisamento exponencial simples, utilizando a ferramenta gráfico de linhas do Power BI®, com intervalo de confiança de 95% e previsões de três meses. Resultados: os resultados demostraram que existem diferentes etapas para construir previsões e alguns pré-requisitos devem ser preenchidos, foram encontradas as seguintes previsões com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança novembro 134(97,172), dezembro 141(102,180), janeiro 147(106.188). Conclusão: a utilização de previsões pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a tomada de decisão, prever problemas e sempre necessário na gestão de um hospital, podendo até suprimir gastos se antecipando a uma variedade de problemas.

Objective: to analyze the suspended surgeries, making future predictions of three months, starting in October 2022, through a line graph using the Power BI software. Method: we used the technique of weighted moving averages, simple exponential smoothing, using the Power BI® line graph tool, with a confidence interval of 95% and predictions of three months. Results: the results showed that there are different steps to construct predictions and some prerequisites must be fulfilled, the following predictions were found with their respective confidence intervals: November 134 (97,172), December 141 (102,180), January 147 (106,188). Conclusion: the use of forecasts can be a useful tool for decision making, predicting problems and always necessary in the management of a hospital, and can even suppress expenses in anticipation of a variety of problems.

Objetivos:analizar las cirugías suspendidas, haciendo predicciones futuras de tres meses, a partir de octubre de 2022, a través de un gráfico lineal utilizando el software Power BI®. Método: se utilizó la técnica de medias móviles ponderadas, suavizado exponencial simple, utilizando la herramienta de gráfico de líneas de Power BI®, con un intervalo de confianza del 95% y predicciones de tres meses. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que existen diferentes pasos para construir predicciones y se deben cumplir algunos requisitos previos, se encontraron las siguientes predicciones con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza: noviembre 134 (97,172), diciembre 141 (102,180), enero 147 (106,188). Conclusión: el uso de pronósticos puede ser una herramienta útil para la toma de decisiones, predicción de problemas y siempre necesaria en la gestión de un hospital, e incluso puede suprimir gastos en previsión de una variedad de problemas.

Sobre "os remédios e medicinas que se haviam dado a negros enfermos": os gastos com a saúde e a morte de escravos do Ofício da Província Jesuítica do Paraguay, 1711-1745 / On "the remedies and medications which were given to ailing negroes: "health and death spending on slaves by the Office of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, 1711-1745

Neste texto, analisamos o tratamento dispensado aos escravos enfermos do Ofício da Província Jesuítica do Paraguay e da Estância de Santa Catalina entre 1711 e 1745. As fontes analisadas - Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales e Cartas ânuas - revelam que o adoecimento de escravos do Ofício gerava despesas tanto com a aquisição de medicamentos, roupas e alimentos quanto com mortalhas para seu sepultamento. No caso dos escravos da Estância de Santa Catalina, observou-se que, dependendo da enfermidade, eles eram encaminhados à cidade de Córdoba, onde eram tratados por leigos treinados nas artes de curar, o que implicava despesas de outra natureza também registradas nos relatórios contábeis.

Abstract This text analyzes the way sick slaves were treated at the Office (ofício) of the Jesuit Province of Paraguay and Santa Catalina Farm (estancia) between 1711 and 1745. The sources consulted - Libro de cuentas del Ofício, Memoriales, and Cartas ânuas - reveal that the sickness of the enslaved people generated expenses, not only for medications, clothing, and food, but also for shrouds for their burial. As for the slaves from the Santa Catalina Farm, the sources indicate that depending on the infirmity, they were sometimes sent to Córdoba, where they were treated by laypersons trained in the healing arts, which incurred different expenses, also recorded in the ledgers.

Exploring cost drivers for improving disease management: the case of type 2 diabetes at a tertiary hospital in Burundi, Africa

Globally, the covid-19 pandemic has seriously impacted access to healthcare facilities across the world, although there is little evidence on how the pandemic affects the use of essential healthcare in the world. This study sought to evaluate the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on antenatal indicators in the region of Guelmim Oued Noun, Morocco using the interrupted time-series analysis. The aggregated data was delivered by regional health authorities covering the period from January 2017 to December 2020. The descriptive results revealed a steady decline after the Covid-19 pandemic in Antenatal indicators. The results of the regression model showed a negative impact of the pandemic on the antenatal recruitment rate (ß2 = - 16.14; p < 0.01), recruitment rate of women in antenatal visits the 1st quarter of pregnancy (ß2 = -2.09; p < 0.01), antenatal visit completion rate (ß2= -18.10, p>0.05), average number of visits/pregnancies (ß2 = -15.65, p<0,05). The effect of thecovid-19 pandemic on antenatal rates was significant for almost the indicators studied. Future studies should be focused on the impact of the pandemic on postnatal and immunization services on the national scale.

Health care financial support for patients needing medical assistance in Southern Philippines Medical Center: Policy notes

@#Accessing health care services can lead to a significant financial burden on patients, especially when an episode of illness necessitates out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures.1 Apart from health improvement, an essential function of health care systems is to provide financial protection for individuals against the costs associated with illness.2 The establishment of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) has emerged as a crucial step towards achieving the goal of universal health care for individuals in need of medical services.3 Since the passage of the Universal Health Care Act in 2019, all Filipinos have been automatically enrolled in PhilHealth for social health risk protection. In 2021, PhilHealth covered health care utilization claims amounting to over Php 88 billion.4 PhilHealth coverage is usually not sufficient to fund the entire hospital expense in a single episode of illness. Meanwhile, the creation of other government health care financing schemes helps alleviate the financial burden of patients. Through the enactment of the Republic Act (RA) 11463, also known as the Malasakit Centers Act, patients may now seek financial aid from a unified assistance hub to settle outstanding health care expenses not covered by PhilHealth. The Malasakit Centers Act mandates the establishment of one-stop shops for medical and financial assistance. This one-stop shop consists of representatives from the Department of Health (DOH), PhilHealth, the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO), and Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).5 This article aims to recommend health care policies to improve the existing health financing mechanisms currently sought by patients to cover their medical expenses during an episode of illness.

Health care durations and health care expenses of patients with femoral shaft fractures who underwent intramedullary nailing: retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND@#In 2016, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) introduced the Z-package to provide financial coverage for, among others, intramedullary nailing procedures and implant costs for eligible patients with femoral shaft fractures.@*OBJECTIVE@#To compare health care durations and expenses between patients with closed femoral shaft fractures requiring intramedullary fixation who utilized the PhilHealth Z-package and those who did not. @*DESIGN@#Retrospective cohort study.@*PARTICIPANTS@#66 male and female patients, aged 19 to 39 years, who underwent intramedullary nailing for closed femoral shaft fractures. @*SETTING@#Orthopedic Ward, Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao City, January to December 2018. @*MAIN OUTCOME PROCEDURE@#Time to surgery, length of hospital stay, total hospital bill, total PhilHealth coverage, other funds for medical assistance (OFMA) coverage, and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses.@*MAIN RESULTS@#Among the 66 patients, 33 had the Z-package, while the remaining 33 did not. The median time to surgery (19 days vs 24 days; p=0.156), median length of hospital stay (24 days vs 29 days; p=0.546), and median total hospital bill (Php 62,392.00 vs Php 62,404.80; p=0.314) were comparable between those without the Z-package and those who had, respectively. However, patients without the Z-package had significantly lower total PhilHealth coverage (Php 30,740.00 vs Php 48,740.00; p<0.001) and higher OFMA coverage (Php 49,909.90 vs Php 34,409.20; p=0.024), and OOP expenses (Php 0.00; IQR: Php 0.00 to Php 20,000.00 vs Php 0.00; IQR: Php 0.00 to Php 0.00; p=0.004) compared to those with the Z-package. @*CONCLUSION@#Patients with the Z-package had a slightly longer time to surgery, although this difference was not statistically significant. However, they benefited from significantly lower remaining bills after PhilHealth coverage and reduced OOP expenses compared to patients without Z-package coverage.

Percentual de utilização de instrumentais em procedimentos cirúrgicos / Percentage of use of instruments in surgical procedures / Porcentaje de uso de instrumentos en procedimientos quirúrgicos

Objetivo: analisar o percentual de instrumentais cirúrgicos que compõem a caixa de laparotomia exploradora e não são utilizados durante as cirurgias. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, que contabilizou instrumentais constituintes da caixa de laparotomia exploradora utilizados e não utilizados durante 13 cirurgias realizadas em um período de 17 dias, em um hospital do interior paulista. Resultados: nas 13 cirurgias analisadas, obteve-se um total de 1300 (100%) pinças presentes nas caixas, onde 832 (64%) não foram utilizadas e 468 (36%) foram utilizadas. Nos tempos cirúrgicos, o maior número de uso foi de 166 (35,5%) artigos, para preensão e afastadores. Conclusão: houve 64% de instrumentais não utilizados nas cirurgias analisadas. Há necessidade de implementar estratégias gerenciais que reduzam os números encontrados e, consequentemente, reduzam gastos, para gerar menor desperdício e reduzir falhas no gerenciamento de recursos materiais.

Objective: to analyze the percentage of surgical instruments that make up the operating laparotomy box and are not used during surgeries. Method: descriptive, cross-sectional study with quantitative approach, which counted instrumental constituents of the exploratory laparotomy box used and not used during 13 surgeries performed in a period of 17 days, in a hospital in the interior of São Paulo. Results: in the 13 surgeries analyzed, a total of 1300 (100%) tweezers were obtained in the boxes, where 832 (64%) were not used and 468 (36%) were used. In surgical times, the highest number of use was 166 (35.5%) articles, for seizures and reparators. Conclusion: there were 64% of instruments not used in the analyzed surgeries. There is a need to implement management strategies that reduce the numbers found and, consequently, reduce expenses, to generate less waste and reduce failures in the management of material resources.

Objetivo: analizar el porcentaje de instrumentos quirúrgicos que componen la caja de laparotomía quirúrgica y no se utilizan durante las cirugías. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal con enfoque cuantitativo, que contó constituyentes instrumentales de la caja de laparotomía exploratoria utilizada y no utilizada durante 13 cirugías realizadas en un período de 17 días, en un hospital del interior de São Paulo. Resultados: en las 13 cirugías analizadas, se obtuvieron un total de 1300 (100%) pinzas en las cajas, donde no se utilizaron 832 (64%) y 468 (36%). En tiempos quirúrgicos, el mayor número de uso fue de 166 (35,5%) artículos, para convulsiones y reparadores. Conclusión: hubieran 64% de instrumentos no utilizados en las quirurgias analizadas. Es necesario implementar estrategias de gestión que reduzcan los números encontrados y, en consecuencia, reduzcan los gastos, para generar menos residuos y reducir las fallas en la gestión de los recursos materiales.

El costo esperado de cáncer en Chile / The expected cost of cancer in Chile

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a public health priority in Chile. AIM: To estimate the expected annual cost of cancer in Chile, due to direct costs of health services, working allowances and indirect costs for productivity losses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We undertook an ascendent costing methodology to calculate direct costs. We built diagnostic, treatment and follow-up cost baskets for each cancer type. Further, we estimated the expenditure due to sick leave subsidies. Both estimates were performed either for the public or private sector. Costs related to productivity loss were estimated using the human capital approach, incorporating disease related absenteeism premature deaths. The time frame for all estimates was one year. RESULTS: The annual expected costs attributed to cancer was $1,557 billion of Chilean pesos. The health services expected annual costs were $1,436 billion, 67% of which are spent on five cancer groups (digestive, hematologic, respiratory, breast and urinary tract). The expected costs of sick leave subsidies and productivity loss were $48 and $71 billion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer generates costs to the health system, which obliges health planners to allocate a significant proportion of the health budget to this disease. The expected costs estimated in this study are equivalent to 8.9% of all health expenditures and 0.69% of the Gross Domestic Product. This study provides an updated reference for future research, such as those aimed at evaluating the current health policies in cancer.

Impacto económico de la COVID-19 en el sector de la salud en Santiago de Cuba / Economic impact of COVID-19 in the health sector of Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: El enfrentamiento a la epidemia de la COVID-19 tuvo un impacto económico negativo en el mundo, lo que generó un incremento de los gastos y costos en el sector de la salud en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba. Objetivo: Describir el impacto económico de la COVID-19 en el sector sanitario en Santiago de Cuba durante un año. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y prospectivo en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba en el año 2021, para lo cual se analizaron las variables días-pacientes, gastos presupuestarios, salario promedio del personal, costos totales de un día-paciente y costos unitarios de un día-paciente. Resultados: La investigación reveló un incremento en los gastos y su efecto en la economía del sector sanitario en el 2021. Al analizar los gastos por partidas, se determinó una mayor significación en los de medicamentos, con 59,0 % del total, lo que representó un crecimiento de los costos unitarios en comparación con los estándares publicados. Conclusiones: Los gastos del sector sanitario en esta provincia contribuyeron a controlar la propagación de la COVID-19, a evitar el sobregasto por la introducción de las vacunas, y permitieron la disminución de los índices de infección. Además, se evidenció el incremento de los costos en los diferentes niveles de actividad entre 3 y 29 veces más que los costos estandarizados del país.

Introduction: The confrontation to the epidemic of COVID-19 had a negative economic impact in the world, what generated an increment of the expenses and costs in the health sector of Santiago de Cuba province. Objective: To describe the economic impact of the COVID-19 in the sanitary sector of Santiago de Cuba during a year. Methods: A descriptive and prospective study was carried out in Santiago de Cuba province in the year 2021, for which the day-patient, budgetary expenses, average salary, total costs of a day-patient and unitary costs of a day-patient variables were analyzed. Results: The investigation revealed an increment in the expenses and its effect in the economy of the sanitary sector in 2021. When analyzing the expenses for departures, a higher significance was determined in those of medications, with 59.0 % of the total, what represented a growth of the unitary costs in comparison with the published standards. Conclusions: The expenses of the sanitary sector in this province contributed to control the propagation of COVID-19, to avoid the over expense for the introduction of vaccines, and allowed the decrease of the infection indexes. Also, the increment of the costs was evidenced in the different activity levels between 3 and 29 times more than the standardized costs of the country.

Custeio Baseado em Atividade e Tempo (TDABC) em um Departamento de Endoscopia de um hospital privado / Time-driven Activity-based Costing (TDABC) in an Endoscopy Department of a private hospital

Contexto: A gestão da saúde baseada em valor (VBHC) vem sendo a estratégia de diversas instituições de saúde no mundo todo, como forma de melhorar a qualidade dos serviços entregues de forma sustentável. Medir os resultados em saúde e custos é fundamental para a manutenção do VBHC e é um passo essencial para a sua implementação. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo de caso é retratar a aplicação do método TDABC em um procedimento de endoscopia ambulatorial com colonoscopia de um hospital privado do Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Este estudo aplicou o método Time-driven Activity-based Costing (TDABC) como técnica de microcusteio em um centro da saúde suplementar brasileira para avaliar o custo de procedimentos realizados na endoscopia. Foram analisados descritivamente os custos e tempos dos procedimentos e identificados os recursos e atividades de maior representatividade financeira. Por fim, foi feita uma comparação entre o custo aferido e a taxa de reembolso dos procedimentos. Resultados: O custo por procedimento apurado por meio do método é de R$ 684,77, e seu valor de reembolso médio é de R$ 993,91, mostrando-se lucrativo para a instituição. Conclusões: A aplicação do TDABC gerou melhor entendimento sobre todos os custos envolvidos no procedimento e representa o primeiro passo para a difusão do método aos demais processos e departamentos do hospital.

Context: Value-based health management (VBHC) has been the strategy of several health institutions around the world, as a way to improve the quality of services delivered in a sustainable way. Measuring health outcomes and costs is critical to maintaining the VBHC and is an essential step in its implementation. Objective: The objective of this case study is to portray the application of the TDABC method in an outpatient endoscopy procedure with colonoscopy in a private hospital in southern Brazil. Methods: This study applied the Time-driven Activity-based Costing (TDABC) method as a microcosting technique in a Brazilian supplementary health center to assess the cost of procedures performed in endoscopy. The costs and times of the procedures were descriptively analyzed and the resources and activities of greater financial representation were identified. Finally, a comparison was made between the measured cost and the reimbursement rate of the procedures. Results: The cost per procedure calculated using the method is R$ 684.77, and its average reimbursement value is R$ 993.91, proving to be profitable for the institution. Conclusions: The application of TDABC generated a better understanding of all the costs involved in the procedure and represents the first step towards disseminating the method to other hospital processes and departments.

The cost of total hip replacement: a multicentric TDABC comparison in Brazil / O custo da artroplastia de quadril: uma comparação multicêntrica TDABC no Brasil

Objective: Monitoring costs is critical in searching for a more effective healthcare system. This study aimed to comprehend the care pathway and measure the costs associated with hip replacement surgeries in different hospitals in Brazil. Methods: The time-driven activity-based costing method was applied for cost data collection and analyses. Data on 62 patients were retrieved from five public hospitals. A descriptive cost analysis was followed by a comprehensive analysis of the variability in each hospital's care process, leading to suggestions for cost-saving opportunities along with the surgical care pathway. As a final analysis, the cost of surgical treatment was contrasted with the national reimbursement fee. Results: The mean cost per patient of the total sample was $5,784 (MIN-MAX $2,525.9-$9,557.8). Pre- and post-surgery hospitalization periods demonstrated the highest variability in length of time and resource consumption among centers. Compared to the national best practice fee, the average cost per inpatient total hip arthroplasty (THA) pathway from all six hospitals was approximately 7x the national reimbursement. Conclusion: The application of the TDABC allowed us to identify differences in the surgical care pathway among hospitals, which could be explored in further studies aimed at designing a benchmark surgical pathway. Differences in how the treatment is delivered to patients also justified the high-cost variability among centers.

Objetivo: O custo do monitoramento é um elemento-chave na busca contínua por um sistema de saúde mais eficaz. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a trajetória assistencial e mensurar os custos associados às cirurgias de artroplastia do quadril em diferentes hospitais do Brasil. Métodos: O método de custeio baseado em atividades orientado pelo tempo foi aplicado para a coleta e análise de dados de custos. Os dados de 62 pacientes foram recuperados de cinco hospitais públicos. Uma análise descritiva de custos foi seguida por uma análise abrangente da variabilidade no processo de atendimento de cada hospital, levando a sugestões de oportunidades de redução de custos junto com a via de atendimento cirúrgico. Como análise final, o custo do tratamento cirúrgico foi contrastado com o valor de reembolso nacional. Resultados: O custo médio por paciente da amostra total foi de $ 5.784 (MIN-MAX $ 2.525,9-$ 9.557,8). Os períodos de internação pré e pós-operatórios demonstraram a maior variabilidade no tempo e no consumo de recursos entre os centros. Em comparação com o reembolso nacional de melhores práticas, o custo médio por cirurgia de prótese de quadril de paciente internado de todos os seis hospitais foi de aproximadamente 7x o reembolso nacional. Conclusão: A aplicação do TDABC nos permitiu identificar diferenças na via de atendimento cirúrgico entre hospitais, o que poderia ser explorado em estudos futuros que visem projetar uma via cirúrgica de referência. As diferenças na forma como o tratamento está sendo entregue aos pacientes também contribuíram para justificar a alta variabilidade dos custos entre os centros.

Custo de um município do sul do Brasil com medicamentos de uso contínuo dispensados na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Cost of a city in Southern Brazil with continuous use medications dispensed by Primary Health Care

Objetivo: Avaliar o custo com medicamentos básicos de uso contínuo de usuários da Atenção Primária em Saúde de Santa Rosa-RS. Métodos: Estudo transversal e analítico realizado em um município do noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídos usuários cadastrados nas 17 unidades de estratégia de saúde da família, das áreas urbana e rural, em uso de no mínimo um medicamento de uso contínuo. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo acesso ao sistema informatizado de prescrição eletrônica. Resultados: Foram incluídos 642 usuários, com idade média de 60,40 anos, sendo 64,3% mulheres. Identificou-se média de 4,68 ± 2,82 medicamentos/prescrição e 47,4% ± 14,48 dos usuários em uso de cinco ou mais medicamentos. Dos medicamentos em uso, 87,9% pertencem ao componente básico da assistência farmacêutica. O custo anual do município por usuário de medicamento foi em média de R$ 250,60. O sistema cardiovascular foi o grupo anatômico com maior custo total. Verificou-se maior frequência de uso de medicamentos entre os idosos, que consequentemente representam o grupo etário com maior custo de tratamento. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que a maioria dos medicamentos prescritos atua sobre os sistemas cardiovascular e nervoso, e pertence ao componente básico da assistência farmacêutica. O custo com medicamentos demonstrou investimento do município de valores 25 vezes maiores do que o mínimo estabelecido pela legislação vigente, com vistas a garantia de acesso ao tratamento e manutenção da qualidade de vida da população assistida.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost of basic medicines for continuous use by users of Primary Health Care in Santa Rosa-RS. Methods: A cross-sectional and analytical study carried out in primary health care in a city in the Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul, comprising 17 unites of Strategies Family Health. Registered users in urban and rural units were included, using at least one continuous treatment. Data collection was performed by accessing the computerized electronic system. Results: 642 users were included in the study, with an average age of 60.40 ± 14.48 years, 64.3% were women. The average number of prescription drugs was 4.68 ± 2.82/prescription and 47.4% of users were using five or more medications. Of the drugs in use, 87.9% belonging to the basic component of pharmaceutical care. These drugs represent an annual cost per user of R$ 250.60. The cardiovascular system presents itself as the anatomical group with the highest total expenditure. Hydrochlorothiazide was the most prescribed drug and beclomethasone represented the highest individual expense. Conclusion: It became evident that most of the drugs prescribed belonged to the basic component of pharmaceutical care and belonged to the cardiovascular and nervous system. Cost of drug implies the investment of the city of 25 times higher than the established by the current legislation, with a view to guaranteeing access to treatment and maintaining the quality of life of the assisted population.

Mortalidade materna no Brasil: análise da associação de recursos financeiros federais de custeio / Maternal mortality in Brazil: analysis of association with federal financial resources of costing

Introdução: A razão de mortalidade materna é importante não somente para avaliar a saúde das mulheres, mas também é indicador de desenvolvimento econômico e de desigualdades sociais, sendo base para avaliar a eficiência dos sistemas de saúde de países. O financiamento desses sistemas é fundamental para caracterizá-los em sua dimensão de serviços e ações para as populações. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre os gastos federais de custeio em Atenção Básica e de Média e Alta Complexidade, desde 2008 até 2017, e a mortalidade materna. Métodos: O estudo foi ecológico, quantitativo e utilizou dados secundários dos bancos do Ministério da Saúde, analisando correlação entre financiamento e mortalidade materna. Resultados e Conclusão: Entre os resultados, não foi encontrada associação significativa entre custeio federal de AB e MAC e mortalidade materna; o Brasil apresenta mortalidade materna ainda alta e praticamente sem modificações nos últimos dez anos, ainda que existam diferenças de até quatro vezes na taxa de mortalidade materna entre as regiões, porém sem significativa associação com o financiamento.

Introduction: Maternal mortality rates are important not only to assess women's health but also as an indicator of economic development and social inequalities, supporting the assessment of the efficacy of country's health systems. Financing of these systems is essential to characterize them as services and actions for populations. This study aimed to assess the association of federal funding expenses on Primary Health Care (PHC) and Medium and High Complexity Health Care (MHCHC) from 2008 to 2017 with maternal mortality. Method: This quantitative, ecological study used secondary data from databases of the Brazilian Ministry of Health to analyze the correlation between financing and maternal mortality. Results and Conclusion: The results did not show a significant association of federal financing of PHC and MHCHC with maternal mortality; in Brazil high maternal mortality rates are still high and have remained almost unchanged over the last ten years, although there are differences of up to four-fold in mortality rates among regions, but with no significant association with financing.

Gastos de bolsillo por gastroenteritis a causa de rotavirus en el Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos, 2019 - 2020 / Out-Of-Pocket Expenses for Gastroenteritis Due to Rotavirus at Cienfuegos Pediatric Hospital, 2019 - 2020

Introducción: La hospitalización por enfermedades diarreicas agudas en menores de cinco años de edad puede generar gastos importantes para la familia. Objetivo: Estimar el gasto de bolsillo y el costo indirecto por la atención a pacientes menores de cinco años de edad hospitalizados por gastroenteritis a causa de rotavirus. Métodos: Estudio de descripción de costos. Se empleó el microcosteo para estimar el costo directo médico (servicio y medicamentos) y no médico (transporte, alimentación, aseo), así como las pérdidas de productividad para el paciente y su familia y las fuentes de financiamiento. Se trabajó con 132 pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Pediátrico de Cienfuegos entre septiembre de 2019 y febrero de 2020 con gastroenteritis y test rápido de rotavirus positivo. El gasto se analizó según la situación económica referida y la edad del paciente. Resultados: La media del gasto de bolsillo total fue de CUP 809,66 (IC 95 por ciento 757,57 - 861,75); el 50,8 por ciento por alimentación, el 31,4 por ciento por aseo y un 17,8 por ciento por transportación. Los hogares con mejor situación económica gastaron más (< 0,001). El 87,2 por ciento de las familias utilizó alguna fuente de recursos adicional a sus ingresos habituales. Se afectaron 2,39 personas (IC 95 por ciento 2,27 - 2,52) y se reportó una pérdida de 5,51 días laborales (IC 95 por ciento 5,21 - 5,8). El costo indirecto promedio fue de CUP 418,8 (IC 95 por ciento 382,36 - 455,24). Conclusiones: La hospitalización de un menor de cinco años por gastroenteritis aguda a causa de rotavirus en Cienfuegos significa una carga económica considerable para los hogares, en especial para los de mejor situación económica(AU)

Introduction: Hospitalization for acute diarrheal diseases in children under five years of age can generate significant expenses for the family. Objective: To assess the out-of-pocket expense and the indirect cost for the care of patients under five years of age hospitalized for gastroenteritis due to rotavirus. Methods: This is cost description study. Microcosting was used to estimate the direct medical cost (service and medication) and non-medical cost (transportation, food, cleaning), as well as the productivity losses for patients and their family and the sources of financing. We worked with 132 patients hospitalized at Cienfuegos Pediatric Hospital from September 2019 to February 2020 with gastroenteritis and a positive rotavirus rapid test. Expenditure was analyzed according to the economic situation referred to and the age of the patient. Results: The mean total out-of-pocket expense was CUP 809.66 (95percent CI 757.57 - 861.75); 50.8percent for food, 31.4percent for cleaning and 17.8percent for transportation. Households with better economic situation spent more (<0.001). 87.2percent of the families used some source of resources in addition to their usual income. 2.39 people were affected (95percent CI 2.27 - 2.52) and a loss of 5.51 working days was reported (95percent CI 5.21 - 5.8). The average indirect cost was CUP 418.8 (95percent CI 382.36 - 455.24). Conclusions: The hospitalization of a child under five years of age for acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in Cienfuegos represents a considerable economic burden for families, especially for those with better economic situation(AU)

Hospitalization, mortality and public healthcare expenditure in Brazil during the COVID-19 crisis: vulnerabilities in the spotlight

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Multiple opinion-based communications have highlighted the actions of the Brazilian government during the pandemic. Nevertheless, none have appraised public data to identify factors associated with worsening of the healthcare system. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and collate data from public health and treasury information systems in order to understand the escalating process of weakening of Brazilian healthcare and welfare since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. DESIGN AND SETTING: Secondary data study conducted using multiple public databases administered by the Brazilian federal government. METHODS: We processed information from multiple national databases and appraised health and economic-related data. RESULTS: Based on our analyses, there were substantial reductions in inpatient hospital admissions and in the numbers of patients seeking primary care services, along with a decrease in immunization coverage. Moreover, we observed a considerable decline in government transfers to hospital services (reduction of 82.0%) and a diminution of public outlays in several healthcare-related subfunctions ("hospital and outpatient care", "primary care", "prophylactic and therapeutic support" and "epidemiological surveillance"). We observed an increase in the overall mortality rate over the period analyzed, especially regarding all group-based diseases. Notably, there were remarkable differences among geographic, racial, gender and other parameters, thus revealing the impact of vulnerabilities on COVID-19 outcomes. CONCLUSION: This assessment of documentation of public expenditure and the shrinkage of investment in sensitive areas of the healthcare system in Brazil emphasized areas that still require collective attention in order to guarantee national welfare.

Eficiência e sustentabilidade do gasto público em saúde no Brasil / Efficiency and sustainability of public health spending in Brazil

Objetivo: Este artigo discute questões relativas à eficiência e à sustentabilidade do gasto público com saúde no Brasil. A despeito das conquistas das últimas décadas, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) enfrenta desafios estruturais com consequências no acesso aos serviços públicos de saúde e na proteção financeira da população. Métodos: O artigo traça um breve panorama do financiamento da saúde no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos e apresenta análise da eficiência do gasto público em saúde utilizando modelos de análise envoltória de dados (data envelopment analysis ­ DEA) para os gastos com o SUS nos de 2013 e 2017. Resultados: Do ponto de vista do financiamento do sistema público de saúde, persiste o paradoxo de que o Brasil gasta pouco, mas gasta mal. Os gastos públicos com saúde são relativamente menores que os observados em países com sistemas de saúde com caraterísticas semelhantes, porém os gastos públicos per ca pita crescem a taxas maiores do que o crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita. Do ponto de vista da eficiência, a análise demonstra que há potencial de aumentar a eficiência do SUS. Apenas em 2017 essas ineficiências somavam R$ 35,8 bilhões. De forma geral, a atenção primária à saúde (APS) do SUS tem eficiência maior (63% e 68% em 2013 e 2017) do que a atenção de alta e média complexidade (MAC) (29% e 34% nos mesmos anos, respectivamente). Conclusão: Melhorar a eficiência do gasto público com saúde é particularmente importante no contexto atual de baixo crescimento econômico e fortes restrições fiscais no ambiente pós-pandemia. Ganhos de eficiência podem ser alcançados com: (i) ganhos de escala na estrutura e operação dos hospitais, (ii) integração do cuidado em redes de atenção à saúde, (iii) aumento da densidade e melhor distribuição da força de trabalho em saúde, (iv) mudança nos mecanismos e incentivos para vincular os pagamentos aos provedores e profissionais aos resultados de saúde, tendo a APS como organizadora do sistema, (v) inovações na gestão dos provedores de serviços de saúde, com ênfase em modelos de parcerias público-privadas (PPPs). A consolidação do SUS depende de políticas públicas que melhorem a eficiência e a qualidade dos serviços prestados à população.

Objective: This paper discusses issues related to the efficiency and sustainability of public spending on health in Brazil. Despite the achievements of recent decades, the Unified Health System (SUS) faces structural challenges with consequences on the access to public health services and on the financial protection of the population. Methods: The paper provides a brief overview of the public healthcare financing in Brazil over the last ten years and presents an efficiency analysis of the SUS public health spending, using data envelopment analysis (DEA) models for the years of 2013 and 2017. Results: In terms of public spending, the paradox that Brazil spends little but poorly on health still persists. Public expenditures on health are relatively lower than those observed in countries with health systems with similar characteristics, but public expenditures per capita grow at rates higher than the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In terms of efficiency of public health spending, the analysis shows that there is potential to increase the efficiency of the SUS. In 2017, these inefficiencies amounted R$ 35.8 billion. In general, SUS primary healthcare (APS) is more efficient (63% and 68% in 2013 and 2017) than high and medium complexity care (MAC) (29% and 34% in the same years, respectively). Conclusion: Improving the efficiency of public spending on health is particularly important in the current context of low economic growth and strong fiscal constraints in the post-pandemic environment. Efficiency gains can be achieved with: (i) scale gains in the structure and operation of hospitals, (ii) integration of care in health care networks, (iii) increased density and better distribution of the health workforce, (iv) change in mechanisms and incentives to link payments to providers and professionals to health outcomes, with the PHC as the organizer of the system, (v) innovations in the management of health service providers, with an emphasis on public partnership models and private companies (PPPs) . The consolidation of the SUS depends on public policies to improve the efficiency and quality of services provided to the population.